Nurse Document

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body. The disease may also affect other parts of the body, including skin, eyes, lungs, heart, nerves and blood. This may result in a low red blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the heart. Fever and low energy may also be present. Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.  While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. It also affects the underlying bone and cartilage. The diagnosis is m

A cataract is a clouding or opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye or its capsule (surrounding transparent membrane) that obscures the passage of light through the lens to the retina of the eye. This blinding disease can affect infants, adults, and older people, but it predominates the latter group. It can be bilateral and vary in severity. The disease process progresses gradually without affecting daily activities early on, but with time, especially after the fourth or fifth decade, the cataract will eventually mature, making the lens completely opaque to light interfering with routine activities. Cataracts are a significant cause of blindness worldwide. Treatment options include correction with refractive glasses only at earlier stages, and if cataract mature enough to interfere with routine activities, surgery may be advised, which is very fruitful. Cataracts are a common part of the eye’s aging process. Eventually, they can cause: Vision that’s cloudy, blur

Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas gland, the occurrence of a sudden, there is light, there is also to lead to fatal consequences. Even the deaths occurred mostly in just over two weeks since the first symptoms of pancreatitis or the pain symptoms first appear. Symptoms of pancreatitis is divided into two types, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. The difference, acute pancreatitis damage to the pancreas by certain enzymes sudden and thorough, while chronic pancreatitis occur destructively, pancreatitis mild type that does not heal, ongoing and increasingly severe and repetitive. The cause of pancreatitis is due to the blockage so that the enzymes produced by the pancreas will still accumulate in the pancreas and pancreatic cells digest themselves from there emerged inflammation. Besides inflammation of the pancreas can also be caused by excessive alcohol consumption, taking certain medications, high triglycerides, high levels of calcium in the b

  Anaphylactic Shock Definition Anaphylactic is a collection of symptoms that result from an acute reaction to a foreign substance to a person who previously had the sensitization (immediate / hypersensitivity reactions indirect immunity). Etiology Because drugs indirect histamine reaction that usually follows the injection of the drug weight, serum, the x-ray contrast media. Certain foods, insect bites. The reaction can sometimes idiopathic / immunologic abnormalities manifestations. Symptoms Cardiovascular: tachycardia, hypotension, shock, arrhythmia, palpitations. Respiratory tract: rhinitis, sneezing, itching of the nose, bronchospasm, hoarseness, shortness, apnea. Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Skin: pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, skin pale and cold. Nursing Diagnosis for Anaphylactic Shock 1. Impaired gas exchange related to ventilation perfusion imbalance. characterized by: shortness of breath, tachycardia, flushing, hypotension, shock

Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain. Usually the cause is a viral infection, but bacteria can also cause it. It can be mild or severe. Most cases are mild. Examples of viral infections that can cause encephalitis include herpes simplex virus (the virus that causes cold sores and genital herpes), varicella zoster virus (the chickenpox virus), mumps virus, measles virus and flu viruses. In the UK, the most common virus to cause encephalitis is herpes simplex virus. Most cases of encephalitis are caused by the virus directly infecting the brain. However, sometimes encephalitis can develop if your immune system tries to fight off a virus and, at the same time, attacks the nerves in your brain in error. This is known as post-infectious or autoimmune encephalitis. Rarely, this type of encephalitis can develop after an immunisation. Adult patients with encephalitis present with acute onset of fever, headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures. Younger chi

Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar or low blood glucose, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal. The most common cause of hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin, sulfonylureas, and biguanides. Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than usual, or drunk alcohol. Other causes of hypoglycemia include kidney failure, certain tumors, liver disease, hypothyroidism, starvation, inborn error of metabolism, severe infections, reactive hypoglycemia, and a number of drugs including alcohol. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or death. A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness, and weakness may also be present. Symptoms typically come on quickly. ( wikipedia ) Activity Intolerance - Nursing Care Plan for Hypoglycemia Activity Intolerance related to imbalance of oxygen supply and demand, weakness. Defining charac

Do you often feel bad mood, not calm, and easily distracted after having nightmares or when your sleep disturbed? It has nothing to do with the feeling and can be explained scientifically. A research shows that lack of sleep or sleep disorders affect parts of the brain associated with emotions. This then triggers the emergence of a sense of worry and anxiety. Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley found that when people lack of sleep or often feel disturbed while sleeping, the activity in the amygdala and insular cortex region of the brain will increase. The increased activity was then trigger anxiety and worry naturally. "It is difficult to find if lack of sleep is a result of anxiety, or lack of sleep can actually cause the emergence of anxiety. However, this study helped us find a link causal more clearly," said researcher Andrea Goldstein, as reported by the Huffington Post (27/06). These results were obtained after the researchers observed

  Low self esteem is feeling worthless, meaningless, and low self-esteem due to a negative evaluation of self and self-efficacy. Lost their sense of self-confidence, sense of failure for not being able to achieve the ideal fit themselves desire. Nursing intervention for patients Goal: Conduct an assessment of things behind the low self-esteem on the client (predisposing factor, precipitation factor, an assessment of the stressor, coping resources and coping mechanisms) The client can raise awareness about the positive relationship between self-esteem and effective problem solving. The client can identify, on its positive capabilities. Nursing Interventions: 1. Assess the things behind the low self-esteem on the client (predisposing factor, precipitation factor, an assessment of the stressor, coping resources and coping mechanisms) 2. Raise awareness about the positive relationship between self-esteem and effective problem solving, by the way: Help the patient to identify chan

Burns are a global public health problem. This is due to the high rate of burn mortality and morbidity, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where more than 95% of the incidence of burns causes death (mortality). However, death is not the only consequence of burns. Many burn patients eventually experience disability (morbidity). This often creates a stigma against community rejection. (Ziaeian, Boback and Gregg C. Fonarow. (2016).) Burns (combustio) are tissue loss caused by contact with heat sources such as water, fire, chemicals, electricity, and radiation. Burns will cause not only skin damage, but also affect the entire body system (Brunner & Suddarth, 2014) Burns are a form of tissue damage and or loss caused by contact with sources that have very high temperatures (eg fire, hot water, chemicals, electricity, and radiation) or very low temperatures. Upon contact with a heat source (or other cause). A chemical reaction takes place that drains energy fro

  Empyema Empyema is defined as a collection of pus in the pleural cavity, gram-positive, or culture from the pleural fluid. Empyema is usually associated with pneumonia but may also develop after thoracic surgery or thoracic trauma. ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) Empyema is usually caused by an infection that spreads from the lung. It leads to a buildup of pus in the pleural space. There can be 2 cups (1/2 liter) or more of infected fluid. This fluid puts pressure on the lungs. Risk factors include: Bacterial pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Chest surgery, Lung abscess, Trauma or injury to the chest. In rare cases, empyema can occur after thoracentesis. This is a procedure in which a needle is inserted through the chest wall to remove fluid in the pleural space for medical diagnosis or treatment. ( medlineplus.gov ) Symptoms of empyema may include: having a case of pneumonia that does not improve, a fever, chest pain, a cough, pus in mucus, difficulty breathing, a crackling sound from the chest

  Nursing Diagnosis for Non Hemorrhagic Stroke : Ineffective Tissue Perfusion :   cerebral related to decreased brain oxygen Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements related to inability to absorb nutrients Impaired Physical Mobility related to decrease muscle strength Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity related to risk factor : damp Impaired Verbal Communication related to neuromuscular damage, speech central damage   Nursing Interventions for Non Hemorrhagic Stroke No. Nursing Diagnosis Goal (NOC) Interventions (NIC) Rationale 1. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion :   cerebral related to decreased brain oxygen   Tissue perfusion can be achieved optimally   Expected Outcome : ·       Able to maintain level of consciousness ·       Sensory and motor function getting better   1.    Monitor vital signs hourly and record the result 2.    Assess motor response to simp